Prostate cancer
The prostate is a small gland, about the size of a walnut, and is only found in men. It lies at the base of the bladder and surrounds the first part of the urethra, the tube which carries urine from the bladder out of the body. The prostate gland produces a thick white fluid which mixes with sperm and is ejaculated during sex.
Causes of prostate cancer
The cause of prostate cancer is unknown, although it may be linked to production of the male hormone testosterone.
There are some families where prostate cancer has developed in several members. This is uncommon but several genes which appear to increase the likelihood of this have recently been discovered. Research continues, and you might like to discuss any family history of cancer with your doctor who may refer you to a cancer genetics service such as the one at The Royal Marsden.
Prostate cancer is rare in men under the age of 50; the risk of developing prostate cancer increases with age.
Afro-Caribbean and African-American men seem have a higher risk than other ethnic groups.
Prostate cancer doesn't appear to be caused by sexual behaviour but it is more common in countries with a Western lifestyle. Prostate cancer cannot be passed through sexual contact.
Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of benign enlargement of the prostate and prostate cancer are very similar. They may include the following:
- difficulty in passing urine
- passing urine more frequently, especially at night
- a feeling of not completely emptying your bladder
- pain when passing urine
- blood in your urine.
Prostate cancer may spread to the bones so any pain in your back, hips or legs should be reported to your doctor. Although there may be other reasons for this pain, it is best to check so that you don't worry needlessly.